Veterinary sanitary assessment of mutton after application of antihelminth feed additive with albendazole / Avaliação sanitária veterinária de carneiro após aplicação de aditivo anti-helmíntico com albendazol

Abstract This study assessed the anthelminthic feed additive albendazole effect on the main indicators of the quality of sheep meat obtained from infected and deworming animals. A total of 20 heads of Akzhaik meat and wool sheep (i.e. 2 years of age, of different sex) were used in a 20-day experiment and 2 groups of 10 heads were formed (n = 4). The sheep were fed with the basic diet (i.e. control, group CON), without adding anything, and the second group was fed the basic diet orally with the addition of a dose of 1.2 g / head (an experimental group). At the end of the experiment, a control slaughter was carried out from each group in order to study the biochemical composition of meat and its quality. The anthelmintic feed additive albendazole did not have a significant effect on the indicators (organoleptic and physicochemical) of meat quality (P> 0.04). However, the ratio of fat and ash in the meat of the control group has differences in indicators and is reduced by 24.81% and 0.03%, respectively. The drug had a significant effect on the biological value of meat in the experimental group, where there is a higher content of essential amino acids (P = 0.06), nonessential (P = 0.05) concentrations in comparison with the CON groups. The results obtained show that the meat of the experimental groups of sheep, when using the anthelminthic feed additive albendazole, did not have a significant effect on organoleptic parameters, but significantly positively influenced the metabolism, live weight gain and biological value of meat.

Resumo Este estudo avaliou o efeito do aditivo anti-helmíntico albendazol sobre os principais indicadores de qualidade da carne ovina obtida de animais infectados e desparasitados. Um total de 20 cabeças de carne Akzhaik e ovelhas de lã (ou seja, 2 anos de idade, de sexo diferente) foi usado em um experimento de 20 dias e dois grupos de 10 cabeças foram formados (n = 4). As ovelhas foram alimentadas com dieta básica (ou seja, controle, grupo CON), sem adicionar nada, e o segundo grupo foi alimentado com dieta básica por via oral com a adição de uma dose de 1,2 g / cabeça (um grupo experimental). Ao final do experimento, foi realizado um abate controle de cada grupo para estudar a composição bioquímica da carne e sua qualidade. O aditivo anti-helmíntico albendazol não teve efeito significativo sobre os indicadores (organolépticos e físico-químicos) de qualidade da carne (P > 0,04). No entanto, a proporção de gordura e cinzas na carne do grupo de controle tem diferenças nos indicadores e é reduzida em 24,81% e 0,03%, respectivamente. A droga teve efeito significativo sobre o valor biológico da carne no grupo experimental, onde há maior teor de aminoácidos essenciais (P = 0,06), concentrações não essenciais (P = 0,05) em comparação com os grupos CON. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a carne dos grupos experimentais de ovinos, ao utilizar o aditivo anti-helmíntico albendazol, não teve efeito significativo nos parâmetros organolépticos, mas influenciou positivamente de forma significativa no metabolismo, ganho de peso vivo e valor biológico da carne.

Veterinary sanitary assessment of mutton after application of antihelminth feed additive with albendazole

Abstract This study assessed the anthelminthic feed additive albendazole effect on the main indicators of the quality of sheep meat obtained from infected and deworming animals. A total of 20 heads of Akzhaik meat and wool sheep (i.e. 2 years of age, of different sex) were used in a 20-day experiment and 2 groups of 10 heads were formed (n = 4). The sheep were fed with the basic diet (i.e. control, group CON), without adding anything, and the second group was fed the basic diet orally with the addition of a dose of 1.2 g / head (an experimental group). At the end of the experiment, a control slaughter was carried out from each group in order to study the biochemical composition of meat and its quality. The anthelmintic feed additive albendazole did not have a significant effect on the indicators (organoleptic and physicochemical) of meat quality (P> 0.04). However, the ratio of fat and ash in the meat of the control group has differences in indicators and is reduced by 24.81% and 0.03%, respectively. The drug had a significant effect on the biological value of meat in the experimental group, where there is a higher content of essential amino acids (P = 0.06), nonessential (P = 0.05) concentrations in comparison with the CON groups. The results obtained show that the meat of the experimental groups of sheep, when using the anthelminthic feed additive albendazole, did not have a significant effect on organoleptic parameters, but significantly positively influenced the metabolism, live weight gain and biological value of meat.

Resumo Este estudo avaliou o efeito do aditivo anti-helmíntico albendazol sobre os principais indicadores de qualidade da carne ovina obtida de animais infectados e desparasitados. Um total de 20 cabeças de carne Akzhaik e ovelhas de lã (ou seja, 2 anos de idade, de sexo diferente) foi usado em um experimento de 20 dias e dois grupos de 10 cabeças foram formados (n = 4). As ovelhas foram alimentadas com dieta básica (ou seja, controle, grupo CON), sem adicionar nada, e o segundo grupo foi alimentado com dieta básica por via oral com a adição de uma dose de 1,2 g / cabeça (um grupo experimental). Ao final do experimento, foi realizado um abate controle de cada grupo para estudar a composição bioquímica da carne e sua qualidade. O aditivo anti-helmíntico albendazol não teve efeito significativo sobre os indicadores (organolépticos e físico-químicos) de qualidade da carne (P > 0,04). No entanto, a proporção de gordura e cinzas na carne do grupo de controle tem diferenças nos indicadores e é reduzida em 24,81% e 0,03%, respectivamente. A droga teve efeito significativo sobre o valor biológico da carne no grupo experimental, onde há maior teor de aminoácidos essenciais (P = 0,06), concentrações não essenciais (P = 0,05) em comparação com os grupos CON. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a carne dos grupos experimentais de ovinos, ao utilizar o aditivo anti-helmíntico albendazol, não teve efeito significativo nos parâmetros organolépticos, mas influenciou positivamente de forma significativa no metabolismo, ganho de peso vivo e valor biológico da carne.

¿Sienten los animales? / Do animals feel?

Resumen: La visión antropocéntrica del ser humano ha llevado a la explotación de animales para satisfacer sus necesidades, tanto primarias (como la alimentación) como secundarias (como el entretenimiento), sin preocuparse por su sufrimiento o bienestar. Sin embargo, las teorías de la evolución de Lamarck y Darwin borraron la dicotomía humano-animal y colocaron al primero como una especie más dentro de toda la diversidad biológica. Hans Jonas afirmó que las diferencias entre los humanos y los otros animales estaban en el grado de complejidad y no en las capacidades, contribuyendo a la idea de una continuidad biológica desde un origen común. La similitud anatomofisiológica, la presencia de mediadores químicos de dolor, los cambios bioquímicos y fisiológicos ante situaciones dolorosas, además de la respuesta favorable al uso de medicamentos analgésicos, demuestran que los demás animales sienten dolor y padecen sufrimiento. La Declaración de Cambridge sobre la consciencia destaca que no es necesario poseer neocórtex para ser considerado como sintiente, lo que ha llevado a analizar esta capacidad, inclusive, en muchos invertebrados. ¿Los animales sienten? Invariablemente la respuesta es sí. Es importante tener consideración de ello para evitar su sufrimiento, tal y como se propone en la teoría sensocéntrica de Peter Singer, en caso contrario, podríamos ser señalados de discriminación, que, por estar asociada a la pertenencia a una especie biológica, se denomina especismo.

Abstract: The anthropocentric view of life has led to the exploitation of animals to satisfy the human needs, primary (such as food) and secondary (such as entertainment), without regard for their suffering or well-being. However, Lamarck's and Darwin's theories of evolution erased the dichotomy between human and animal, placing the former as just another species within the entire biological diversity of life. Hans Jonas asserted that the differences between humans and other animals lie in the degree of complexity and not in capabilities, contributing to the idea of biological continuity from a common origin. The anatomic and physiological similarities, the presence of chemical pain mediators, the biochemical and physiological changes in painful situations, as well as the positive response to the use of analgesic medications, demonstrate that other animals feel pain and suffer. The Cambridge Declaration on consciousness emphasizes that it is not necessary to possess a neocortex to be considered sentient, which has led to the analysis of this capacity even in many invertebrates. Do animals feel? Invariably the answer is yes. It is important to consider this to avoid their suffering, as proposed in Peter Singer's sensocentrism theory. Otherwise, we could be accused of discrimination, which, based on species membership, is called speciesism.

Anatomía Comparada del Bazo de la Rata Blanca (Rattus norvegicus albinus), Una Revisión de la Literatura / Comparative Anatomy of the Spleen of the White Rat, (Rattus norvegicus albinus) a Literature Review

El bazo es el órgano linfático intraperitoneal más grande del organismo, presentando dos funciones principales: defensiva, mediante respuesta inmunitaria y filtración sanguínea. El objetivo de la presente revisión, fue obtener información actualizada sobre la anatomía del bazo de la rata albina (Rattus norvegicus albinus) y comparativa con la anatomía del bazo humano, perro, gato y cerdo, al representar las principales especies de importancia en la medicina, medicina veterinaria y en las ciencias biomédicas. Se realizó una búsqueda de material bibliográfico actualizado en diferentes sitios web científicos. Es así como, se revisaron 71 fuentes bibliográficas, en su gran mayoría artículos científicos (31), libros de anatomía humana y veterinaria (17), artículos especializados (17) y tesis (6). En general existe consenso, sobre la descripción anatómica del bazo, el cual se sitúa en la región hipocondriaca izquierda del abdomen, entre el fondo del estómago y el diafragma, irrigado por la arteria y vena esplénica. Se evidenció que existen similitudes en aspectos macroscópicos, al comparar el bazo de la rata blanca, con el bazo de otras especies (funcionalidad, peso relativo, ubicación topográfica). En aspectos microscópicos, el bazo en humanos y otros mamíferos se compone de estroma, además de parénquima, constituido a su vez por pulpa blanca y roja. En particular, existen diferencias entre el bazo de rata, humano, gato, perro y cerdo, en formas, tamaños y aspectos microscópicos, relacionados con la microcirculación e inmunidad. Mientras que existen semejanzas en procesos patológicos y respuestas a tratamientos farmacológicos y clínicos. Por lo anteriormente expuesto, se concluye que la rata albina constituye un buen modelo biológico, específicamente en aspectos anatómicos microscópicos del bazo de tipo inmunológico. Mientras que el bazo de cerdo es mejor comparativamente, en estudios anatómicos macroscópicos de tipo quirúrgicos, resultando ambos extrapolables, especialmente a la medicina humana.

SUMMARY: The spleen is the largest intraperitoneal lymphatic organ of the body, presenting two main functions: defensive, through immune response and blood filtration. The objective of the present review was to obtain updated information on the anatomy of the spleen of the albino rat (Rattus norvegicus albinus) and to compare it with the anatomy of the human, dog, cat and pig spleen, representing the main species of importance in medicine, veterinary medicine and biomedical sciences. A search for updated bibliographic material was carried out in different scientific websites. Thus, 71 bibliographic sources were reviewed, mostly scientific articles (31), human and veterinary anatomy books (17), specialized articles (17) and theses (6). In general, there is consensus on the anatomical description of the spleen, which is located in the left hypochondriac region of the abdomen between the fundus of the stomach and the diaphragm, irrigated by the splenic artery and vein. It was evidenced that there are similarities in macroscopic aspects when comparing the spleen of the white rat with the spleen of other species (functionality, relative weight, topographic location). In microscopic aspects, the spleen in humans and other mammals is composed of stroma, in addition to parenchyma, constituted in turn by white and red pulp. In particular, there are differences between rat, human, cat, dog and pig spleens in shapes, sizes and microscopic aspects related to microcirculation and immunity. While there are similarities in pathological processes and responses to pharmacological and clinical treatments. For the above mentioned, it is concluded that the albino rat constitutes a good biological model, specifically in microscopic anatomical aspects of the spleen of immunological type. While the pig spleen is comparatively better in macroscopic anatomical studies of surgical type, both are extrapolable especially to human medicine.

A Glimpse into Chilean Veterinary Anatomy Educators / Un Vistazo a los Educadores de Anatomía Veterinaria Chilenos

SUMMARY: In veterinary medicine, impressive technological advances in biochemistry, genetics and molecular biology have led to a reduction in the amount of time spent teaching anatomy and a shift toward anatomical research. As classically trained veterinary anatomists began to retire at the beginning of the 2000s, it became evident that there would be a shortage of qualified anatomists. This coincides with the increase in the hiring of recent graduates with general education experience and no specialization in the area. The aim of the study is to characterize the Chilean veterinary anatomy educator with an emphasis on their training and the academic environment they work in. Data were collected through a survey targeting a diverse population of university educators who teach content related to veterinary anatomy in Chile. The results showed that the Chilean veterinary anatomist has reached the master's level, with a wide range of continuous training experiences, from which it is perceived that he has acquired his anatomical and teaching skills. Furthermore, despite his self-perception as an educator/researcher, the evidence showed that research in veterinary anatomy is still in its infancy. However, strengths were identified related to the varied use of teaching resources, participation in the community and the dissemination of anatomical knowledge.

En medicina veterinaria, los impresionantes avances tecnológicos en bioquímica, genética y biología molecular han llevado a una reducción en la cantidad de tiempo dedicado a la enseñanza de la anatomía y un cambio hacia la investigación anatómica. Cuando los anatomistas veterinarios de formación clásica comenzaron a jubilarse a principios de la década de 2000, se hizo evidente que habría escasez de anatomistas cualificados. Esto coincide con el incremento en la contratación de recién egresados con experiencia en educación general y sin especialización en el área (licenciados, tesistas, etc.). El objetivo del estudio es caracterizar al educador de anatomía veterinaria chileno con énfasis en su formación y el ambiente académico en el que se desempeña. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de una encuesta dirigida a una población diversa de docentes universitarios que imparten contenidos relacionados con la anatomía veterinaria en Chile. Los resultados muestran que el anatomista veterinario chileno ha alcanzado el nivel de maestría, con una amplia gama de experiencias de formación continua, a partir de las cuales se infiere que ha adquirido sus competencias anatómicas y docentes. A pesar de su autopercepción como educador/investigador, la evidencia demostró que la investigación en anatomía veterinaria aún se encuentra en ciernes. No obstante, se identificaron fortalezas en actividades relacionadas con el uso variado de recursos didácticos, la participación en la comunidad y la difusión del conociminto.

ChatGPT for Veterinary Anatomy Education: An Overview of the Prospects and Drawbacks / ChatGPT para la Educación en Anatomía Veterinaria: Una Descripción General de las Perspectivas y los Inconvenientes

SUMMARY: The integration of artificial intelligence in veterinary medical education has the potential to revolutionize the way students learn veterinary anatomy. ChatGPT, launched by OpenAI in November 2022, has been the fastest-growing artificial intelligence (AI) application as a learning tool in the past few months. ChatGPT is a virtual assistant that provides students with detailed and relevant anatomical knowledge based on internet sources. Apart from the advantages of ChatGPT in veterinary anatomy education, the challenges and limitations must also be considered, as highlighted in this letter. Further research and evaluation are necessary to ensure the optimal integration of the ChatGPT tool into veterinary anatomy education. ChatGPT can provide students with valuable insights and educational support but cannot replace hands-on experiences; dissection-based laboratory sessions remain essential for developing practical skills and spatial understanding in veterinary anatomy education.

La integración de la inteligencia artificial en la educación médica veterinaria tiene el potencial de revolucionar la forma en que los estudiantes aprenden anatomía veterinaria. ChatGPT, lanzado por OpenAI en noviembre de 2022, ha sido la aplicación de inteligencia artificial (IA) de más rápido crecimiento como herramienta de aprendizaje en los últimos meses. ChatGPT es un asistente virtual que brinda a los estudiantes conocimientos anatómicos detallados y relevantes basados en fuentes de Internet. Además de las ventajas de ChatGPT en la educación en anatomía veterinaria, también se deben considerar los desafíos y las limitaciones, como se destaca en esta carta. Se necesitan más investigaciones y evaluaciones para garantizar la integración óptima de la herramienta ChatGPT en la educación en anatomía veterinaria. ChatGPT puede proporcionar a los estudiantes información valiosa y apoyo educativo, pero no puede reemplazar las experiencias prácticas. Las sesiones de laboratorio basadas en disecciones siguen siendo esenciales para desarrollar habilidades prácticas y comprensión espacial en la educación de la anatomía veterinaria.

Evaluación del marcador tumoral (PSA) en suero sanguíneo para el diagnóstico de trastornos prostáticos caninos / Evaluation of the tumor marker (PSA) in blood serum for the diagnosis of canine prostatic disorders

Evaluar las concentraciones en suero de antígeno prostático especifico (PSA) en perros normales y con trastornos prostáticos. Método: Descriptivo observacional. Resultados: La concentración en suero de antígeno prostático especifico PSA libre y total conformado por cuarenta perros en estudio, se puede evidenciar que los perros sanos tienen una concentración máxima de 0.98 ng/ml, un mínimo de 0.03 ng/ml, con una media general de 0.36 ng/ml de PSA total, en cambio la concentración PSA libre de los animales sanos analizados nos determina un rango de concentración que va de 0.1 ng/ml a 0.82 ng/ml en sangre con una media total de 0.39 ng/ml. Conclusión: No se obtuvo un incremento de la concentración en suero de antígeno prostático libre y total debido a la baja especificidad de la prueba en sangre de acuerdo con los resultados señalados.

To evaluate serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) concentrations in normal and prostate disordered dogs. Methods: Descriptive observational. Results: Serum concentrations of free and total PSA in forty dogs under study showed that healthy dogs had a maximum concentration of 0.98 ng/ml, a minimum of 0.03 ng/ml, with an overall mean of 0.98 ng/ml. 03 ng/ml, with an overall mean of 0.36 ng/ml of total PSA, while the free PSA concentration of the healthy animals analysed determined a concentration range from 0.1 ng/ml to 0.82 ng/ml in blood with a total mean of 0.39 ng/ml. Conclusion: No increase in serum concentration of free and total prostate antigen was obtained due to the low specificity of the blood test according to the results reported.

Teaching of Veterinary Parasitology to University students in Trinidad, West Indies; are our local wildlife species neglected? / Ensino de parasitologia veterinária para estudantes universitários em Trinidad, Índias Ocidentais; nossas espécies selvagens locais são negligenciadas?

Abstract Parasites of veterinary importance have been heavily focused on domesticated livestock that was introduced into the neo-tropics. The text used in the teaching parasitology to veterinary students in Trinidad has only investigated the parasites of domesticated species. In the reviewed veterinary parasitology text no mention was made on the parasites that affect wild neo-tropical animals. Information on wild neo-tropical animals had to be sourced from texts on the management of wild life animals in the Neotropics. The texts that were reviewed in this document spanned from the mid-1950s to 2020. The information presented in this review reveals the exhaustive work done on the parasites of domesticated species but also revealed little information on neo-tropical animals with the potential for domestication. In conclusion, this review reveals the gap of information that is missing from parasitology texts used in the teaching of veterinary students. In the future these parasitology texts can be revised to include chapters on the parasites of neo-tropical animals with the potential for domestication. At present students that graduate from the veterinary parasitology course has little information on the parasites of animals which are present in their 'backyards'.

Resumo Parasitas de importância veterinária têm se concentrado fortemente em animais domésticos que foram introduzidos na região neotrópica. O texto usado no ensino de parasitologia para estudantes de veterinária em Trinidad investigou apenas os parasitas de espécies domesticadas. No texto de parasitologia veterinária revisado, nenhuma menção foi feita sobre os parasitas que afetam os animais selvagens neotropicais. As informações sobre animais selvagens neotropicais tiveram que ser obtidas a partir de textos sobre o manejo de animais selvagens nos Neotrópicos. Os textos revisados neste documento vão de meados da década de 1950 até 2020. As informações apresentadas nesta revisão revelam o trabalho exaustivo realizado sobre os parasitas de espécies domesticadas, mas também revelaram poucas informações sobre animais neotropicais com potencial para domesticação. Em conclusão, esta revisão revela a lacuna de informação que existe nos textos de parasitologia utilizados no ensino de estudantes de veterinária. No futuro, esses textos de parasitologia podem ser revisados ​​para incluir capítulos sobre os parasitas de animais neotropicais com potencial para domesticação. Atualmente, os alunos que se formam no curso de parasitologia veterinária têm poucas informações sobre os parasitas de animais que estão presentes em seus "quintais".

Evaluación de riesgo biológico en el control de calidad de vacunas virales / Biological risk evaluation in the quality control of viral vaccines

Las medidas de bioseguridad son el conjunto de conductas mínimas a ser adoptadas, a fin de reducir o eliminar los riesgos para el personal, la comunidad y el medio ambiente. Los laboratorios veterinarios manipulan materiales biológicos que pueden suponer riesgos biológicos tanto para los animales como para el hombre, por lo que los profesionales de estos laboratorios están expuestos a una variedad de riesgos relacionados con su trabajo que pueden afectar su salud. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el riesgo en el control de calidad de las vacunas virales mediante el uso del método BIOGAVAL, una forma cómoda y fiable de evaluar el riesgo de exposición a agentes biológicos. El estudio se realizó en la Unidad Empresarial de Base Control de la Calidad de la Empresa Productora de Vacunas Virales y Bacterianas el cual pertenece a LABIOFAM. La muestra de estudio estuvo conformada por 18 trabajadores, distribuidos en tres áreas. En los resultados obtenidos para valores superiores a 12 del nivel de acción biológica se requiere la adopción de medidas preventivas para reducir la exposición en el caso de Avulavirus, Pestivirus y Coronavirus, mientras que para Alphavirus se requieren acciones correctoras inmediatas ya que representa una situación de riesgo intolerable(AU)

Biosafety measures are the set of minimum behaviors to be adopted, in order to reduce or eliminate risks to personnel, the community and the environment. Veterinary laboratories handle biological materials that can pose biological risks for both animals and humans, so that professionals in these laboratories are exposed to a variety of risks to their health related to their work. The objective of this work was to evaluate the risk in the quality control of viral vaccines through the use of BIOGAVAL method, a convenient and reliable way to assess the risk of exposure to biological agents. The study was carried out in the Base Business Unit Quality Control of the Production Company of Viral and Bacterial Vaccines which belongs to LABIOFAM. The study sample consisted was 18 workers, dispersed in three areas. For values above 12 of the biological action level, preventive measures are required to reduce exposure to Avulavirus, Pestivirus and Coronavirus, while for Alphavirus immediate corrective measures actions are required as it represents an intolerable risk situation(AU)

Detection of Bartonella bovis DNA in blood samples from a veterinarian in Mexico

ABSTRACT The genus Bartonella encompasses 38 validated species of Gram-negative, facultative intracellular bacteria that colonize the endothelial cells and erythrocytes of a wide spectrum of mammals. To date, 12 Bartonella species have been recorded infecting humans, causing diseases of long historical characterization, such as cat scratch fever and trench fever, and emerging bartonellosis that mainly affect animal health professionals. For this reason, this study aimed to report a documented case of Bartonella bovis infecting a veterinarian from Mexico by the amplification, sequencing and phylogenetic reconstruction of the citrate synthase (gltA) and the RNA polymerase beta-subunit (rpoB) genes, and to report the natural course of this infection. To our knowledge, this work is the first to report the transmission of B. bovis via needlestick transmission to animal health workers in Latin America.

Teaching of Veterinary Parasitology to University students in Trinidad, West Indies: are our local wildlife species neglected? / Ensino de parasitologia veterinária para estudantes universitários em Trinidad, Índias Ocidentais: nossas espécies selvagens locais são negligenciadas?

Parasites of veterinary importance have been heavily focused on domesticated livestock that was introduced into the neo-tropics. The text used in the teaching parasitology to veterinary students in Trinidad has only investigated the parasites of domesticated species. In the reviewed veterinary parasitology text no mention was made on the parasites that affect wild neo-tropical animals. Information on wild neo-tropical animals had to be sourced from texts on the management of wild life animals in the Neotropics. The texts that were reviewed in this document spanned from the mid-1950s to 2020. The information presented in this review reveals the exhaustive work done on the parasites of domesticated species but also revealed little information on neo-tropical animals with the potential for domestication. In conclusion, this review reveals the gap of information that is missing from parasitology texts used in the teaching of veterinary students. In the future these parasitology texts can be revised to include chapters on the parasites of neo-tropical animals with the potential for domestication. At present students that graduate from the veterinary parasitology course has little information on the parasites of animals which are present in their 'backyards'.

Parasitas de importância veterinária têm se concentrado fortemente em animais domésticos que foram introduzidos na região neotrópica. O texto usado no ensino de parasitologia para estudantes de veterinária em Trinidad investigou apenas os parasitas de espécies domesticadas. No texto de parasitologia veterinária revisado, nenhuma menção foi feita sobre os parasitas que afetam os animais selvagens neotropicais. As informações sobre animais selvagens neotropicais tiveram que ser obtidas a partir de textos sobre o manejo de animais selvagens nos Neotrópicos. Os textos revisados neste documento vão de meados da década de 1950 até 2020. As informações apresentadas nesta revisão revelam o trabalho exaustivo realizado sobre os parasitas de espécies domesticadas, mas também revelaram poucas informações sobre animais neotropicais com potencial para domesticação. Em conclusão, esta revisão revela a lacuna de informação que existe nos textos de parasitologia utilizados no ensino de estudantes de veterinária. No futuro, esses textos de parasitologia podem ser revisados para incluir capítulos sobre os parasitas de animais neotropicais com potencial para domesticação. Atualmente, os alunos que se formam no curso de parasitologia veterinária têm poucas informações sobre os parasitas de animais que estão presentes em seus "quintais".

Teaching of Veterinary Parasitology to University students in Trinidad, West Indies; are our local wildlife species neglected?

Abstract Parasites of veterinary importance have been heavily focused on domesticated livestock that was introduced into the neo-tropics. The text used in the teaching parasitology to veterinary students in Trinidad has only investigated the parasites of domesticated species. In the reviewed veterinary parasitology text no mention was made on the parasites that affect wild neo-tropical animals. Information on wild neo-tropical animals had to be sourced from texts on the management of wild life animals in the Neotropics. The texts that were reviewed in this document spanned from the mid-1950s to 2020. The information presented in this review reveals the exhaustive work done on the parasites of domesticated species but also revealed little information on neo-tropical animals with the potential for domestication. In conclusion, this review reveals the gap of information that is missing from parasitology texts used in the teaching of veterinary students. In the future these parasitology texts can be revised to include chapters on the parasites of neo-tropical animals with the potential for domestication. At present students that graduate from the veterinary parasitology course has little information on the parasites of animals which are present in their backyards.

Resumo Parasitas de importância veterinária têm se concentrado fortemente em animais domésticos que foram introduzidos na região neotrópica. O texto usado no ensino de parasitologia para estudantes de veterinária em Trinidad investigou apenas os parasitas de espécies domesticadas. No texto de parasitologia veterinária revisado, nenhuma menção foi feita sobre os parasitas que afetam os animais selvagens neotropicais. As informações sobre animais selvagens neotropicais tiveram que ser obtidas a partir de textos sobre o manejo de animais selvagens nos Neotrópicos. Os textos revisados neste documento vão de meados da década de 1950 até 2020. As informações apresentadas nesta revisão revelam o trabalho exaustivo realizado sobre os parasitas de espécies domesticadas, mas também revelaram poucas informações sobre animais neotropicais com potencial para domesticação. Em conclusão, esta revisão revela a lacuna de informação que existe nos textos de parasitologia utilizados no ensino de estudantes de veterinária. No futuro, esses textos de parasitologia podem ser revisados para incluir capítulos sobre os parasitas de animais neotropicais com potencial para domesticação. Atualmente, os alunos que se formam no curso de parasitologia veterinária têm poucas informações sobre os parasitas de animais que estão presentes em seus quintais.

Monitoring results of veterinary drug residues in chicken and eggs in Xinjiang in 2019 - 2020 / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To know the residues of 13 veterinary drug residues in chicken and eggs foods in some areas in Xinjiang. Methods A total of 170 chicken and egg samples were randomly selected from supermarkets and farmers' markets in seven cities in Xinjiang. Eleven quinolone antibiotics, two tetracycline antibiotics, ribavirin and metronidazole were examined for veterinary drug residues using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) . Results The overall detection rate of veterinary drug residues in eggs and chicken were 20%（18/90）and11.25%（9/80）. The overall over-standard rate were 18.89%（17/90）and 0（0/80）. Veterinary drug residues in chicken are heavier than eggs. Veterinary drugs were detected and over-standarded in all seven cities in Xinjiang monitored. Conclusion The veterinary drug contamination in chicken and eggs in Xinjiang is relatively serious. It is recommended to strengthen the standardization of production and supervision to ensure food safety.

Analysis of the results of an international proficiency testing program for veterinary drug residue determination in food / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveTo evaluate the proficiency and consistency of domestic and foreign testing institutions in the field of veterinary drug residue detection in food， and to promote international cooperation and mutual recognition of testing results among these institutions. MethodsA robust statistical analysis was conducted on the testing results of 20 laboratories in eight countries and regions across North America， Europe， and Asia. The laboratories’ testing capabilities were evaluated using Z-score comparison. ResultsAmong the 20 participating laboratories， 18 achieved satisfactory results， resulting in a satisfaction rate of 90%， while 2 laboratories （10%） failed to meet the requirements. The satisfaction rate of domestic laboratories （100%） was higher than that of foreign laboratories （81.8%）. ConclusionDomestic laboratories perform better than overseas laboratories in determining veterinary drug residues in food. To enhance testing capabilities， these overseas laboratories with unsatisfactory evaluation results should strengthen their daily quality control and ensure traceability of original records.

Estabilização de ombro em um gato ­ Relato de caso / Shoulder estabilization in a cat ­ Case report

A estabilidade da articulação do ombro é garantida por ligamentos, cápsula articular, tendões e músculos, contudo traumas podem causar falência dos mecanismos estabilizadores, com consequente luxação ou instabilidade articular. Objetivou-se relatar o caso de instabilidade medial e lateral de ombro direito em felino sem raça definida, atendido com queixa de claudicação aguda de membro torácico secundária a trauma por confronto com outro animal. Inicialmente foi realizado tratamento clínico por meio de imobilização articular. Contudo, devido ao insucesso da técnica, procedeu-se para o tratamento cirúrgico de estabilização articular com prótese ligamentar sintética. No pós-operatório imediato, evidenciou-se ausência de crepitações e instabilidade articular. Após oito dias da cirurgia, o paciente apresentou retorno total às funções de apoio do membro e sem sinais de dor ou redução de movimentos. Concluiu-se que, embora de reduzida ocorrência, a instabilidade de origem traumática do ombro configura-se como um diferencial para claudicação aguda de membro torácico e que o tratamento cirúrgico pode ser necessário, mostrando-se eficiente na resolução de tais casos com o acesso e técnica de estabilização propostos.

The stability of the shoulder joint is granted by ligaments, joint capsule, tendons and muscles. However, traumatic injuries can cause failure of the stabilization mechanisms, which leads to articular luxation or instability. The aim of the paper is to report a case of medial and lateral right shoulder joint instability in a mixed-breed cat, presenting acute forelimb lameness after a fight trauma with another cat. Initially, it was recommended a conservative treatment through articular immobilization. However, the technique was unsuccessful, and the surgery treatment was performed, to stabilize the joint with synthetic ligament prosthetic. In the postoperative period, no crepitation or instability were identified. After eight days of surgery, the patient returned totally to the normal function of the forelimb, without movement restriction or pain. It was concluded that, although rare, the traumatic shoulder joint instability is a differential diagnosis for acute forelimb lameness and the surgical treatment can be necessary, showing a good result in the resolution of these injuries with the surgical approach and stabilization method proposed.

Bioderecho y la resistencia a los antimicrobianos en Costa Rica

La resistencia a los antimicrobianos representa un peligro para la salud humana ya que pone en riesgo el valor clínico de estos medicamentos para el tratamiento y prevención de enfermedades infecciosas. Este fenómeno es multisectorial y requiere de acciones inmediatas; por ello, la Organización Mundial de la Salud ha instado a los países miembros a adoptar planes de acción al respecto. Sin embargo, es necesario implementar un marco jurídico vinculante para la regulación del uso de antimicrobianos, especialmente en los sectores de mayor consumo. El establecimiento de una legislación que asegure el uso prudente de estos medicamentos en la industria de producción animal es posible desde el bioderecho. Con este artículo se procura proponer algunas recomendaciones para la regulación de los antimicrobianos en el sector pecuario fundamentadas en el derecho internacional. Se encontró que la efectividad de estos fármacos es un bien común intrínseco en el derecho a la salud humana, cuya protección, junto con declaraciones internacionales, respalda su regulación. En el sector pecuario resulta urgente implementar medidas vinculantes para reducir su uso, especialmente de aquellos categorizados como de importancia crítica para la salud humana.

Antimicrobial resistance represents a danger to human health since it jeopardizes the clinical value of these drugs for the treatment and prevention of infectious diseases. This multisectoral phenomenon requires immediate action, which is why the World Health Organization has urged member countries to adopt action plans against antimicrobial resistance, however, it is necessary to implement a binding legal framework for the regulation of the use of antimicrobials, especially in the sectors with the highest consumption. The formulation of legislation that ensures the prudent use of these drugs in the animal production industry is possible from biolaw. In this way, this article seeks to propose regulations for the optimization of antimicrobials in the livestock sector based on international law. The effectiveness of antimicrobials was found to be an intrinsic common good in the right to human health. The protection of this right, as well as different international declarations, support the regulation of antimicrobials. In the livestock sector, it is urgent to implement binding measures to reduce the use, especially of those categorized as critically important for human health.

Validación de un método mul-tirresiduo para la determinación de medicamentos veterinarios en trucha y langostino

Este estudio se realizó con el objetivo de desarrollar y validar un método para la determinación de 30 medicamentos veterinarios en muestras de trucha y langostino. El método utiliza extracción en fase sólida dispersiva (dSPE) con C18 y detección por cromatografía líquida acoplada a espectrometría de masas. Se determinó linealidad, veracidad (porcentaje de recuperación), repetitividad y reproducibilidad intralaboratorio (porcentaje de desviación estándar relativa (% RSD)), límites de detección (LoD), límites de cuantificación (LoQ), selectividad e incertidumbre. La recuperación varió de 70 a 120% y la repetibilidad y la reproducibilidad fueron menores de 20% de la desviación estándar relativa. La selectividad fue adecuada, sin picos interferentes. Las relaciones iónicas cumplieron con los criterios de confirmación. Los coeficientes de determinación (R2) fueron mayores de 0,99, con excepción de la sulfaquinoxalina en langostino (R2 = 0,97). Los LoD y los LoQ variaron entre 0,6 µg/kg y 12,8 µg /kg y los valores de incertidumbre entre 6 µg/kg y 49 µg/ kg. Se analizaron adicionalmente 6 muestras de diferentes mercados de Lima y se detectaron trazas de algunos medicamentos incluidos en el ensayo. El método es adecuado para el análisis de residuos de medicamentos veterinarios y se recomienda su aplicación en los programas nacionales de monitoreo de la inocuidad de truchas y langostinos provenientes de acuicultura.

The study was aimed at developing and validate an analysis method to determine residues of 30 veterinary drugs in rainbow trout and shrimp specimens. The method involves extraction in dispersive solid phase with C18 and the subsequent detection through liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Validation was done through determination of linearity, trueness (% of recovery), repeatability and intralaboratory reproducibility, limits of detection (LoD), limits of quantification (LoQ) selectivity and uncertainty. Recovery ranged from 70 to 120% and repeatability and intralaboratory reproducibility were lower than 20%. Selectivity was adequate, without interference peaks. Likewise, the ionic relationships met the confirmation criteria. The linearity was adequate, with determination coefficients (R2) above 0.99, except for sulfaquinolaxin in shrimp specimens (R2 = 0,97). LoD and LoQ varied from 0,6 µg /kg to 12,8 µg / kg. Limits of uncertainty ranged from 6 µg /kg to 49 µg /kg. The method was used to analyze 6 samples from different markets in Lima (Peru), identifying traces of some drugs included in the study. Our results show that the method is adequate for the analysis of veterinary drug residues and allow us to recommend its application in national monitoring programs, to assess the safety of rainbow trout and shrimp specimens from aquaculture.

O estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de desenvolver e validar um método para a determinação de 30 medicamentos veterinários, em amostras de truta e camarão. O método utiliza extração dispersiva em fase sólida com C18 e detecção por cromatografia líquida acoplada à espectrometria de massas. Foram determinados a linearidade, a veracidade (recuperação percentual), a repetibilidade, a reprodutibilidade intra-laboratorial, os limites de detecção (LoD) e de quantificação (LoQ), a linearidade, a selectividade e a incerteza. A recuperação variou de 70 a 120%, a repetibilidade e reprodutibilidade estiveram abaixo do 20% do desvio padrão relativo. A selectividade fio adequada, sem picos de interferentes. As proporções de íons atenderam aos critérios de confirmação. Os coeficientes de determinação (R2) foram superiores a 0,99, com excepção da sulfanoxalina em camarão (R2 = 0,97). LoD e LoQ variavam entre 0,6 µg /kg e 12,8 µg /kg e valores de incerteza entre 6 µg /kg e 49 µg / kg. Seis amostras de mercados do Lima foram adicionalmente analisadas e foram detectados vestígios de alguns medicamentos incluídos no estudo. O método é adequado para o análise de resíduos de medicamentos veterinários e sua aplicação é recomendada em programas nacionais de controlo da segurança da truta e do camarão provenientes da aquicultura.

Evaluación de la administración de medicamentos veterinarios en hatos lecheros de quince municipios de Cundinamarca, Colombia

Objetivo Evaluar el conocimiento en el uso de Medicamentos de Uso Veterinario (MUV) de los productores ganaderos y personal involucrado en Bogotá y municipios aledaños. Métodos Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal a través de entrevistas a operarios y productores ganaderos de una muestra de 30 hatos lecheros localizados en 15 municipios cerca de Bogotá, Cundinamarca. Resultados Se identificó la implementación de prácticas para la administración de MUV, incluyendo parámetros que influencian su administración y conocimientos en las personas que los prescriben y administran. Se encontró que los medicamentos de mayor frecuencia fueron los antimicrobianos con 60,7%, entre los cuales se destaca el uso de penicilina y oxitetraciclina. Los MUV inyectables (parenterales) fueron las formas más frecuentes de aplicación con un 64,7%. Se identificaron 251 MUV en los hatos lecheros, de los cuales el 81,3% están compuestos por principios activos que requieren tiempo de retiro en leche y carne. Se destaca el rol del mayordomo en el cuidado animal a nivel diagnóstico y administración del tratamiento. Conclusión El presente estudio sugiere que el uso de MUV es implementado empíricamente en producciones lecheras y podría contribuir a mediano y largo plazo a la emergencia de cepas con resistencia a MUV.

Objective To evaluate the knowledge in the antibiotic stewardship practices in livestock producers and associated staff from Bogotá and neighboring municipalities. Methods A cross-sectional study was performed through interviews for livestock producers and staff in a sample of 30 dairy farms located in 15 municipalities near Bogota, Cundinamarca. We evaluated practice administration of veterinary drugs and knowledge in antibiotic stewardship by farm livestock managers in charge who prescribe and administer veterinary drugs. Results The most common veterinary drugs were antimicrobials with 60.7% such as penicillin and oxytetracycline. The injectable veterinary drugs (parenteral) were the most frequently used with 64.7%. We identified 251 veterinary drugs in the dairy farms where 81.3% of active compounds require withdrawal time in the milk and meat. The butler role in animal care was highlighted at diagnostic level and treatment compliance. Conclusion This study suggests that recommendations for veterinary drug stewardship remain empirically implemented in dairy farms which might lead to the future emergence of multidrug-resistant strains in the long and middle term.

Estimación poblacional y sanitaria de Canis lupus familiaris en zonas rurales y urbanas de Huancarama, Perú / Population and health estimate of Canis lupus familiaris in rural and urban areas of Huancarama, Peru

RESUMEN El objetivo de la investigación fue estimar la población de canes con propietario y evaluar algunos aspectos de su estado sanitario en el distrito de Huancarama. El estudio fue cuantitativo, observacional, descriptivo y transversal. Se efectuó en noviembre de 2020. Las viviendas se seleccionaron mediante un muestreo estratificado aleatorio proporcional que contemplaba a los centros poblados como estratos. Se realizó una encuesta a los jefes de familia en las viviendas utilizando como instrumento una guía de entrevista validada por expertos. La información recolectada se transfirió a una hoja de Excel® para ser procesada con el software Epidat 4.2. El 70% (IC95% = 65,8-74,2%) de las viviendas tuvo canes. Los centros poblados con mayor tenencia de canes fueron Tunyabamba y Mateclla (100%, respectivamente). La mayoría de viviendas tuvo un solo can (51,3%), con predominio del sexo macho (68,8%) y edades entre 2 y 8 años (77,6%). Pocas familias tuvieron en confinamiento a sus canes (19%) y los han esterilizado (2%). Sin embargo, aunque la mayoría de los canes fueron vacunados contra la rabia (81,9%), son pocos los que tuvieron control veterinario (16%). Todos los centros poblados, a excepción de California, tuvieron en promedio un can por vivienda. En el distrito existen 1.717 canes con propietario y una razón de tres personas por cada can. Los centros poblados de Llactabamba, Acco, Tunyabamba, Lambraspata, Los Ángeles, Sotapa Pararani y otros tuvieron una razón de dos personas por can. En conclusión, existe excesiva cantidad de canes en el distrito de Huancarama, constituyendo una proporción elevada en relación con la de personas.

ABSTRACT The objective of the research was to estimate the population of dogs with an owner and to evaluate some aspects of their sanitary status in the district of Huancarama. The study was quantitative, observational, descriptive and cross-sectional. It was carried out in November 2020. The dwellings were selected through a proportional random stratified sampling considering the populated centers as strata. A survey of household heads was conducted using an interview guide validated by experts as an instrument. The information collected was transferred to an Excel* sheet to be processed later with the Epidat 4.2 software. 70% (95% CI = 65, 8-74, 2%) of the dwellings had dogs. The populated centers with the highest proportion of dog ownership were Tunyabamba and Mateclla (100%, respectively). Most of the dwellings had only one dog (51, 3%), with a predominance of the male sex (68, 8%) and ages between 2-8 years (77, 6%). Few families have their dogs confined (19%) and have them sterilized (2%). However, although the majority of the dogs were vaccinated against rabies (81,9%), few had veterinary control (16%). All populated centers, with the exception of California, had an average of one can per dwelling. In the district there are 1.717 dogs with owners and a ratio of three people to each dog. The population centers of Llactabamba, Acco, Tunyabamba, Lambraspata, Los Angeles, Sotapa Pararani, and others had a ratio of two people per dog. In conclusion, there is an excessive number of dogs in the district of Huancarama, constituting a high proportion in relation to that of people.

Comparación de los valores de glucosa en caninos obtenidos con glucómetros portátiles y la prueba estándar de laboratorio / Comparação dos valores de glicose em caninos obtidos com glicômetros portáteis e o teste laboratorial padrão / Comparison of glucose values in dogs obtained with portable glucometers and the standard laboratory test

La medición de glucosa en caninos es un procedimiento habitual en la clínica diaria, actualmente este valor se puede obtener mediante dispositivos portátiles y pruebas laboratoriales. Se realizó esta investigación con el fin de aportar mayor conocimiento sobre la importancia de la medición de glucosa, ya que en los últimos años ha perdido valor entre las pruebas hematológicas a considerar debido a que solo se relaciona con determinadas patologías como la diabetes u otras enfermedades metabólicas. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo comparar los valores de glucosa en caninos obtenidos mediante un glucómetro portátil de uso humano (Accu-chek® Active, Roche Diagnostic, Mannheim, Alemania); veterinario (aLcose® Vet Glu, jjPlus Corporation, New Taipei, Taiwán) y la prueba estándar de laboratorio, esto nos indicará la fiabilidad de los resultados obtenidos mediante estos métodos. Se realizó la toma de muestras de sangre de 50 caninos clínicamente sanos, de los cuales se obtuvo el resultado de glucemia mediante estos tres métodos. Los resultados de nuestra investigación evidenciaron que las tres formas de evaluación de la glucosa sanguínea en perros brindaban resultados estadísticamente diferentes (p < 0.05). Se obtuvo valores de glucosa diferentes entre los tres métodos de medición, teniendo como promedios finales 84.14 mg/dL, 101.12 mg/dL y 91.12 mg/dL correspondientes al glucómetro portátil de uso humano, veterinario y a la prueba estándar de laboratorio respectivamente. En conclusión, los glucómetros portátiles de uso humano subestiman los valores reales de glucosa, mientras que los de uso veterinario lo sobreestiman, comparados con la prueba estándar de laboratorio.

A medição de glicose nos cães é um procedimento habitual realizado no atendimento clínico. Atualmente este valor pode ser obtido por meio de dispositivos portáteis e testes laboratoriais. Esta pesquisa foi realizada com a finalidade de destacar a importância da medição de glicose, visto que nos últimos anos esta avaliação não tem sido muito valorada entre os testes hematológicos, sendo considerada relevante apenas em relação a patologias como a diabetes e outras doenças metabólicas. O presente estudo teve como objetivo comparar os valores de glicose em cães obtidos com glicômetro portátil de uso humano; veterinário e o teste padrão de laboratório. Esta comparação poderá indicar a confiabilidade dos resultados obtidos mediante os métodos avaliados. Foi realizada a amostragem do sangue de 50 caninos clinicamente sadios os quais foram submetidos a avaliação de glicose mediante os três métodos. Os resultados de nossa investigação evidenciaram que as três formas de avaliação da glicose sanguínea têm resultados estatisticamente diferentes (p < 0,05). Os valores de glicose tiveram medias finais de 84,14 mg/dL, 101,12 mg/dL e 91,12 mg/dL para o glicômetro portátil de uso humano (Accu-chek® Active, Roche Diagnostic, Mannheim, Alemanha), veterinário (aLcose® Vet Glu, jjPlus Corporation, Nova Taipei, Taiwan) e o teste padrão de laboratório, respectivamente. Ao concluir, os glicômetros portáteis de uso humano subestimam os valores reais de glicose e os de uso veterinário os superestimam quando comparados com o teste padrão de laboratório.

The measurement of glucose in canines is a common procedure in daily clinical practice. Currently this value can be obtained by use of portable devices and laboratory tests. This research was carried out in order to provide more knowledge about the importance of glucose measurement, since in recent years it has lost value among the hematological tests to be considered because it is only related to certain pathologies such as diabetes or other metabolic diseases. The present study aimed to compare the glucose values in dogs obtained with a portable glucometer for human use, veterinarian use, and the standard laboratory test. This comparison may indicate the reliability of the results obtained through the evaluated methods. A blood sampling of 50 clinically healthy canines was taken and submitted to glucose evaluation using the three methods. Our investigation showed that the three ways of assessing blood glucose have statistically different results (p < 0.05). Glucose values had final averages of 84.14 mg/dL, 101.12 mg/dL, and 91.12 mg/dL for the portable glucometer for human use (Accu-chek® Active, Roche Diagnostic, Mannheim, Germany), veterinary (aLcose® Vet Glu, jjPlus Corporation, New Taipei, Taiwan) and the standard laboratory test, respectively. In conclusion, portable glucometers for human use underestimate the glucose values, and those for veterinary use overestimate them compared to the standard laboratory test.